/*
 * Copyright 2002-2013 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.context.annotation;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowire;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinition;

/**
 * Indicates that a method produces a bean to be managed by the Spring container.
 *
 * <h3>Overview</h3>
 *
 * <p>The names and semantics of the attributes to this annotation are intentionally
 * similar to those of the {@code <bean/>} element in the Spring XML schema. For
 * example:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     public MyBean myBean() {
 *         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
 *         return obj;
 *     }</pre>
 *
 * <h3>Bean Names</h3>
 *
 * <p>While a {@link #name() name} attribute is available, the default strategy for
 * determining the name of a bean is to use the name of the {@code @Bean} method.
 * This is convenient and intuitive, but if explicit naming is desired, the
 * {@code name} attribute may be used. Also note that {@code name} accepts an array
 * of Strings. This is in order to allow for specifying multiple names (i.e., aliases)
 * for a single bean.
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 *     &#064;Bean(name={"b1","b2"}) // bean available as 'b1' and 'b2', but not 'myBean'
 *     public MyBean myBean() {
 *         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
 *         return obj;
 *     }</pre>
 *
 * <h3>Scope, DependsOn, Primary, and Lazy</h3>
 *
 * <p>Note that the {@code @Bean} annotation does not provide attributes for scope,
 * depends-on, primary, or lazy. Rather, it should be used in conjunction with
 * {@link Scope @Scope}, {@link DependsOn @DependsOn}, {@link Primary @Primary},
 * and {@link Lazy @Lazy} annotations to achieve those semantics. For example:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     &#064;Scope("prototype")
 *     public MyBean myBean() {
 *         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
 *         return obj;
 *     }</pre>
 *
 * <h3>{@code @Bean} Methods in {@code @Configuration} Classes</h3>
 *
 * <p>Typically, {@code @Bean} methods are declared within {@code @Configuration}
 * classes. In this case, bean methods may reference other {@code @Bean} methods
 * in the same class by calling them <i>directly</i>. This ensures that references between
 * beans are strongly typed and navigable. Such so-called <em>'inter-bean references'</em> are
 * guaranteed to respect scoping and AOP semantics, just like {@code getBean()} lookups
 * would. These are the semantics known from the original 'Spring JavaConfig' project
 * which require CGLIB subclassing of each such configuration class at runtime. As a
 * consequence, {@code @Configuration} classes and their factory methods must not be
 * marked as final or private in this mode. For example:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * &#064;Configuration
 * public class AppConfig {
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     public FooService fooService() {
 *         return new FooService(fooRepository());
 *     }
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     public FooRepository fooRepository() {
 *         return new JdbcFooRepository(dataSource());
 *     }
 *     // ...
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <h3>{@code @Bean} <em>Lite</em> Mode</h3>
 *
 * <p>{@code @Bean} methods may also be declared within classes that are <em>not</em>
 * annotated with {@code @Configuration}. For example, bean methods may be declared
 * in a {@code @Component} class or even in a <em>plain old class</em>. In such cases,
 * a {@code @Bean} method will get processed in a so-called <em>'lite'</em> mode.
 *
 * <p>Bean methods in <em>lite</em> mode will be treated as plain <em>factory
 * methods</em> by the container (similar to {@code factory-method} declarations
 * in XML), with scoping and lifecycle callbacks properly applied. The containing
 * class remains unmodified in this case, and there are no unusual constraints for
 * the containing class or the factory methods.
 *
 * <p>In contrast to the semantics for bean methods in {@code @Configuration} classes,
 * <em>'inter-bean references'</em> are not supported in <em>lite</em> mode. Instead,
 * when one {@code @Bean}-method invokes another {@code @Bean}-method in <em>lite</em>
 * mode, the invocation is a standard Java method invocation; Spring does not intercept
 * the invocation via a CGLIB proxy. This is analogous to inter-{@code @Transactional}
 * method calls where in proxy mode, Spring does not intercept the invocation &mdash;
 * Spring does so only in AspectJ mode.
 *
 * <p>For example:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * &#064;Component
 * public class Calculator {
 *     public int sum(int a, int b) {
 *         return a+b;
 *     }
 *
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     public MyBean myBean() {
 *         return new MyBean();
 *     }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <h3>Bootstrapping</h3>
 *
 * <p>See @{@link Configuration} Javadoc for further details including how to bootstrap
 * the container using {@link AnnotationConfigApplicationContext} and friends.
 *
 * <h3>{@code BeanFactoryPostProcessor}-returning {@code @Bean} methods</h3>
 *
 * <p>Special consideration must be taken for {@code @Bean} methods that return Spring
 * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor BeanFactoryPostProcessor}
 * ({@code BFPP}) types. Because {@code BFPP} objects must be instantiated very early in the
 * container lifecycle, they can interfere with processing of annotations such as {@code @Autowired},
 * {@code @Value}, and {@code @PostConstruct} within {@code @Configuration} classes. To avoid these
 * lifecycle issues, mark {@code BFPP}-returning {@code @Bean} methods as {@code static}. For example:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 *     &#064;Bean
 *     public static PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer ppc() {
 *         // instantiate, configure and return ppc ...
 *     }</pre>
 *
 * By marking this method as {@code static}, it can be invoked without causing instantiation of its
 * declaring {@code @Configuration} class, thus avoiding the above-mentioned lifecycle conflicts.
 * Note however that {@code static} {@code @Bean} methods will not be enhanced for scoping and AOP
 * semantics as mentioned above. This works out in {@code BFPP} cases, as they are not typically
 * referenced by other {@code @Bean} methods. As a reminder, a WARN-level log message will be
 * issued for any non-static {@code @Bean} methods having a return type assignable to
 * {@code BeanFactoryPostProcessor}.
 *
 * @author Rod Johnson
 * @author Costin Leau
 * @author Chris Beams
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Sam Brannen
 * @since 3.0
 * @see Configuration
 * @see Scope
 * @see DependsOn
 * @see Lazy
 * @see Primary
 * @see org.springframework.stereotype.Component
 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired
 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value
 */
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface Bean {

	/**
	 * The name of this bean, or if plural, aliases for this bean. If left unspecified
	 * the name of the bean is the name of the annotated method. If specified, the method
	 * name is ignored.
	 */
	String[] name() default {};

	/**
	 * Are dependencies to be injected via convention-based autowiring by name or type?
	 */
	Autowire autowire() default Autowire.NO;

	/**
	 * The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance during initialization.
	 * Not commonly used, given that the method may be called programmatically directly
	 * within the body of a Bean-annotated method. Default value is {@code ""}, indicating
	 * that no init method should be called.
	 */
	String initMethod() default "";

	/**
	 * The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance upon closing the
	 * application context, for example a {@code close()} method on a JDBC {@code
	 * DataSource} implementation, or a Hibernate {@code SessionFactory} object.
	 * The method must have no arguments but may throw any exception.
	 * <p>As a convenience to the user, the container will attempt to infer a destroy
	 * method against an object returned from the {@code @Bean} method. For example, given a
	 * {@code @Bean} method returning an Apache Commons DBCP {@code BasicDataSource}, the
	 * container will notice the {@code close()} method available on that object and
	 * automatically register it as the {@code destroyMethod}. This 'destroy method
	 * inference' is currently limited to detecting only public, no-arg methods named
	 * 'close'. The method may be declared at any level of the inheritance hierarchy and
	 * will be detected regardless of the return type of the {@code @Bean} method (i.e.,
	 * detection occurs reflectively against the bean instance itself at creation time).
	 * <p>To disable destroy method inference for a particular {@code @Bean}, specify an
	 * empty string as the value, e.g. {@code @Bean(destroyMethod="")}. Note that the
	 * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean} and the
	 * {@link java.io.Closeable}/{@link java.lang.AutoCloseable} interfaces will
	 * nevertheless get detected and the corresponding destroy/close method invoked.
	 * <p>Note: Only invoked on beans whose lifecycle is under the full control of the
	 * factory, which is always the case for singletons but not guaranteed for any
	 * other scope.
	 * @see org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#close()
	 */
	String destroyMethod() default AbstractBeanDefinition.INFER_METHOD;

}
